Sulfate scale usually forms when formation water and injected seawater mix together.
2.
But all of them were abandoned due to insurmountable high pressure formation water inflows and subsurface complications.
3.
These other voltages are secondary in importance to the voltage resulting from the salinity contrast between mud and formation water.
4.
Therefore, the SP log is commonly used to detect permeable beds and to estimate clay content and formation water salinity.
5.
A salinity difference between the drilling mud and the formation water acts as a natural battery and will cause several voltage effects.
6.
Membrane Potential develops when two electrolytes of different ionic concentrations, such as mud and formation water, are separated by shale.
7.
The relative salinity of the mud and the formation water will determine the which way the SP curve will deflect opposite a permeable formation.
8.
This " battery " causes a movement of charged ions between the hole and the formation water where there is enough permeability in the rock.
9.
The most important voltage is set up as a permeable formation permits ion movement, reducing the voltage between the formation water and the mud.
10.
The magnitude of this deflection depends mainly on the salinity contrast between the drilling mud and the formation water, and the clay content of the permeable bed.
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